A Healthy Psychological Profile is Needed for Successful Trading

Excerpted from Van Tharp's Peak Performance Home Study Course

Many mental health professionals define an "uncertain" condition as being stressful. Uncertainty occurs because of too much information or because of too little capacity. The very fact that we cannot deal with available information is stressful.

Available trading information far exceeds one's capacity for making basic trading decisions, so one can only attend to some of this data. Limited capacity is a major factor in trading success and in understanding stress.

Three factors are essential to successful trading:

1. a healthy psychological profile,
2. the ability to make accurate decisions from a large amount of information, and
3. money management and discipline.

A weakness in any of these areas reduces one's capacity for processing information, resulting in stress, poor trading decisions, and losses. Losses, in turn, can produce stress, resulting in more losses. Readers who have taken the Investment Psychology Inventory Profile™ may recall that their test results were split into these three major areas.

A Healthy Psychological Profile

A healthy psychological profile might easily encompass all aspects of trading. However, certain psychological characteristics appear distinct from decision making and money management.

Everyone has a different set of past experiences. As a result of those experiences, one develops certain attitudes toward life. These attitudes may be open or restrictive. Open attitudes produce growth, encompass change readily, orient people toward self-improvement, and produce happiness and success. The successful trader, for example, might describe himself as follows:

I enjoy life to the fullest. I am constantly exploring new ideas, visiting new places, experiencing change, and having fun. I try to get everything I can out of life, and I eagerly look forward to each day.

I am in the best of health because I eat proper foods, get plenty of exercise, and sleep well. I am never overly stressed because I do not feel pressure - only challenge.

Although an open attitude is not essential to trading success, most successful traders are quite open. An open attitude will help a trader in the market because it enhances information processing capacity. Although the successful trader still has a limited capacity, his attitudes toward life keep his capacity at the highest possible level.

The losing trader, by contrast, often has a closed attitude toward life. Part of this closed attitude includes a number of defense mechanisms against winning, such as the fear of success or the fear of failure. Any form of defensiveness results in isolation, building protective walls, and resisting change. Consider the following statements that a losing trader might use to describe himself:

I am really unlucky. Every time I try to trade, something goes wrong. I end up losing. Other people make it impossible for little guys like me to be a winner. Perhaps that is why I am so depressed all the time. Money sure has been my downfall.

Trading is very stressful to me, perhaps because I worry about what will happen all the time. But I also worry about what will happen if I get out of the markets. I'll probably never be able to get ahead in life.

The losing trader has closed himself off from the world. Some information still gets through, but it is all darkly colored by his restrictive attitude. His closed mind severely restricts his capacity for dealing with information, and he feels "stressed."

This is only a brief introduction to this concept. To learn more about the relationship between stress and capacity, and how this relationship affects you as a trader, refer to Chapter V in Volume Two of the Peak Performance Home Study Course for more.

Self-Sabotage Revealed

In my peak performance training with traders, I give a strong psychological slant to the concept of self-sabotage. Self-sabotage typically occurs when one lacks the discipline to act in one's own best interest. For example, when you have dessert, knowing it's taboo because you are trying get healthy, you might call that self-sabotage. Or perhaps you know you need to exercise and you really feel good when you do so, but somehow you just feel lazy and want to skip the exercise period. Self-sabotage occurs in trading in many instances:

• When you know you should follow the ten tasks of trading, but you don't.
• When you know you need to determine if your system will really work, but you just trade it anyway.
• When you know you should develop a business plan for your trading, but somehow that just seems like too much work.
• When you know you need to put a stop loss order in on a trade, but you don't.

These and numerous other examples characterize self-sabotage. And these examples of self-sabotage typically occur when you have internal conflict between various parts of yourself and when emotions pop up that result in behavior that is not in your best interest and when you just avoid doing what's important for success.

Many traders, however, avoid thinking about self-sabotage in this manner because they don't like to go inside of themselves to see what is going on. They prefer to think technically about systems rather than notice what their beliefs are and whether or not they are useful. As a result of this tendency, I've developed another definition of self-sabotage that everyone can relate to: repeating the same mistake multiple times.

My definition of a mistake is when you don't follow your rules. And if you don't have rules, then everything you do is a mistake. And self-sabotage occurs when you keep repeating the same mistakes over and over and over again.

For example, you don't raise your stop when the market makes a new high. When you skip it once, and your rules say you must do it, then it's a mistake. When you do it three times in the same week, then it is self-sabotage. When you develop this attitude, can start keeping track of your mistakes and see how much they cost you.

For example, suppose you are about to be stopped out for a 1R loss. (The definition of a 1R loss and R-multiples in general is explained in my book Trade Your Way to Financial Freedom and there is a brief description in my Tharp Concepts section of the website.) You don't want to be stopped out, however, so you cancel the stop – which is your mistake. The position keeps going down and eventually you get out with a 3R loss. That mistake cost you 2R (i.e., instead of a 1R loss you got a 3R loss).

Now suppose you have a system that makes you 100% per year. However, you make a 2R mistake each week. At the end of the year, instead of being up 100%, you have lost money just because of your mistakes. Now can you begin to understand how trading reflects your behavior and that one of the critical things that you must do as a trader is to eliminate mistakes

Hank Pruden on "Behavioral Finance" and Technical Analysis

Hank Pruden’s theory of "Behavioral Finance" proposes that human flaws are consistent, measurable and predictable, and being aware of and utilizing this phenomenon can benefit a trader.

"For the better part of 30 years, the discipline of finance has been under the thrall of the random walk\cum efficient market hypothesis. Yet enough anomalies piled up in recent years to crack the dominance of the random walk. As a consequence, the popular press has been reporting the market behavior," said Pruden. One of these new methods discussed is "behavioral finance."

Pruden is a professor in the School of Business at Golden Gate University in San Francisco. He was a featured speaker at the 20th annual Telerate Seminars Technical Analysis Group Conference (TAG 20).

Behavioral finance is "the use of psychology, sociology and other behavioral theories to explain and predict financial markets. Behavioral finance describes the behavior of investors and money managers and their interaction in companies and securities markets. It recognizes the roles of varying attitudes toward risk-framing of information, cognitive errors, lack of self-control, regret in financial decision-making and the influence of mass or herd psychology," said Pruden.

Predictable human behavior can and does impact markets, said Pruden. One example is the "crowd psychology" or "bandwagon" theory. For example, if a market is coming up from a basing area on the charts, "smart money" is responsible for the majority of the initial buying. "As people jump on board, we see the bandwagon effect, and that bandwagon pushes prices up. Volume tends to surge at its peak, certainly on the buy side, during the mark-up phase in the middle. Later on, toward the end of the trend, smart money is not doing the buying; somebody else is. The smart money is doing the selling. The market tops by curving over, or sometimes with a spike top. So, we can see express that in price and we can see under it in volume," said Pruden.

Regarding the type of trading approach to the bandwagon effect, Pruden said, "We align our indicators to show a distribution pattern or a breaking of trendlines, and we should see a post-volume peak. Volume will typically peak before a big change in sentiment."

Pruden said he puts time, price and sentiment together to come up with a composite to look at all those parameters at once. This composite would help in any trading decision, he said.

In the four major elements of technical analysis - price, volume, time and sentiment - recognizing and factoring in human behavior is certainly a major portion of the sentiment element, said Pruden.

At Golden Gate University, Pruden developed and teaches accredited courses in technical market analysis.